Frank Lucas involement with the mob in the movie American Gangster Essay

Frank Lucas involement with the mob in the movie American Gangster - Essay Example And in order to achieve that, he got his 100% pure dope directly from source in Bangkok, where opium plants were also cultivated. Accordingly, he could sell this high quality dope at a lower price. He branded his own product as â€Å"Blue Magic† which became the number one brand of heroin in Harlem and other cities in the US. Frank Lucas: The "Original American Gangster† 3 Frank Lucas: The "Original American Gangster† And His Conflict with Italian Mafia 1â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, the State will show and you will hear that Frank Lucas is the most dangerous man walking the streets of our city† - Det. Richie Roberts. Frank Lucas is one of the most successful heroin importers in US. What made Frank being successful was his unique marketing strategy. He thinks and acts like an executive officer. He realized that he could only achieve success once he breaks the monopoly of Italian Mafia held in New York. In order to do that, he went to Bangkok, Thail and and directly contracted with the supplier. As a result, he was sure to have 100% heroin and he could even distribute it at a lower price by cutting off the middlemen. Frank Lucas was then one of the most intellectual US heroin dealers who also created his own business empire, a crime organization operated in Harlem during the late 1960s and early 1970s. 1 â€Å"He's structured his organization to protect him in the same way† - Det. Richie Roberts. Frank builds his empire with family, uprooting brothers and cousins. Frank Lucas branded his very own product as â€Å"Blue Magic† which he guaranteed to be 98 – 100% pure. â€Å"Blue Magic† which has a really good quality was sold at a cheaper price compared with the other products. It eventually became famous and even hit the top of the competition, which also distressed the monopoly of Italian Mafia. This was alarming for Italian Mafia. And so Dominic Catanno from the same gang met up with Frank to talk a bout the monopoly and the other dairy farmers or the other drug dealers who were left behind the competition. And so at the end of their discussion, they had a deal that Frank will consider distributing them his very own â€Å"Blue Magic† at $50,000 per Kilo. Frank Lucas: The "Original American Gangster† 4 In the film I didn't really see too many conflicts between Frank and the Mafia except for an issue on drug monopoly. Since the Italian Mafia do not want any competition as what Dominic Cattano said â€Å"1No, I just think monopolies were made illegal in the country, Frank, 'cause nobody wants to compete, you know. Nobody wants to compete, not with a monopoly.† Just as the nature of monopoly, where there is a single distributor to eliminate competition and prices are set and manipulated. However, Frank as free and fearless as he is does not like the idea. He rather dealt with Mafia being their supplier of â€Å"Blue Magic† rather than getting into monopol y with them. My perception of Frank Lucas base on his conflict with Mafia is he is not only fearless, but he is also smart and he knows what success means and how to get it right. He has a very strong will and a strong character that also attributed to his great success. And I think, this great success still turn Mafia as his enemies in the end as the group almost killed his wife. 1â€Å"Success. It's got enemies. You can be successful and have enemies or you can be unsuccessful and have friends.†

The Scarlet Ibis Essay Example for Free

The Scarlet Ibis Essay Answer the following questions honestly and thoughtfully. Be sure to write in full sentences and completely answer each question. Save your answers in your Network folder as Scarlet Ibis Questions. 1. How did you feel at the end of the story? Elaborate and explain in detail. 2. Does Doodle and or his brother remind you of anyone real or in other stories youve read or films you might have seem? Explain why or why not. 3. Have you had any personal experiences which help you to relate to this story? Describe an example from your life or another person’s. 4. What is a caul? Why did Aunt Nicey think the caul was important? Explain and support your answer. 5. What is significant about Doodle’s interaction with the bird the scarlet ibis. Find specific quotes from the text to support your answer. 6. In what way does the narrator’s pride help and also hurt Doodle? Provide textual evidence of both from the text. 7. The author, James Hurst, grew up in the southern part of the United States. How can we tell that the story took place in the South? Use at least two quotes from the story to support your answer. 8. What literary devices does Hurst use to tell his story? How do these devices help make the story effective? Offer textual support. 9. Does the story end the way you expect it to? Why does the author choose this ending? What effect does this conclusion have on the reader? 10. How would you like to have seen the story conclude? Be specific.

Employment practices of wal-mart

Employment practices of wal-mart Introduction In the current global business world, companies are required to take consideration about its employees values and to follow ethically sound practices. Business ethics is the term people use in dealing with proper business behavior and is related to being fully aware of the consequences of the companys actions. Being aware means two things: first, adhering to the rules, laws, principles of morality, and other concerns regarding fairness and the needs of others; and second, taking responsibility of the effects to the customers, employees, and the society as a whole of the processes by which the company uses in making and rendering products and services. Founded in 1962, Wal-Mart is the worlds leader in sustainability, employment opportunities, and corporate philanthropy. It ranked first in Fortune Magazines 2010 Most Admired Companies survey and is now employing 2.1 million people worldwide (Wal-Mart, 2011). With competitive prices it sets for its products, Wal-Mart was able to destroy competitors such as Kmart and thousands of small businesses. Moreover, through profit savings from their exceptional relationship with the suppliers and operational efficiency, Wal-Mart was able to pass on its cost savings to its customers, thereby attracting them and expanding their market share in the retail industry. However, to maintain its profitability and sustainable growth, the company needs to reevaluate its strategies through internal environmental scanning. This paper will deal with the business ethics of Wal-Mart particularly its employment practices and how its organizational leadership comes into play. The writer believes that Wal-Marts employment practices are unattractive to peoples minds and include discrimination, inhumane practices, and undocumented workers. The paper will touch these ethical dilemmas, provide evidences to support each practice, and identify the principles in conflict under the Global Business Standards Codex. The paper will come into conclusion by proposing strategies on how these ethical standards can be changed in order to resolve the problem. Arguments and Discussions The Global Business Standards (GBS) Codex is a benchmark for businesses wanting to develop their own world-class code (International Monetary Fund, 2009). It comprises of simplified picture of the expected conducts of todays corporations. The authors of GBS identified eight principles (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2008) that companies must follow in creating new codes of conduct or assessing existing ones, namely, the principles of fiduciary, reliability, fairness, dignity, transparency, responsiveness, and citizenship. The creating or assessment of the code of conduct is the preliminary step for companies attempting to deal with global business ethics. The first conflict of Wal-Marts policies with the GBS Codex is with regard to the principle of fairness. Individuals finding jobs in work organizations may find that some companies incorporate opportunities for advancement while others do not. Jobs lacking in career path are less likely to offer promotions and salary increases. The common people taken out from then managerial career path are the women and minorities (Konrad, 2006). The companys old-fashioned culture reflects to the store policies. Many policies have been implemented that somehow discriminate employees especially women and strict employee to employee relationships. Women are rarely seen in management positions and at most they are not allowed to be in the top management. The federal class suit Dukes et al. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Spangler et al. 2008). in 2001, is the largest civil rights suit regarding discrimination based on gender. It was represented by 1.6 million women workers of Wal-Mart who were employed from 1998-2001. The plaintiffs challenged the recruitment, promotion and payment policies of the company as a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title VII, which prohibited workplace discrimination (Cq Researcher, 2009). The women claimed that Wal-Mart and its Sams Club division deny equal pay and promotions especially for managerial positions against women who were working on hourly and salaried bases. Moreover, according to them, during conversations about promotions or assignment to another department, they receive friendly and casual reminders or suggestions, yet in reality, these are discouragements. Despite the debates on the legality of the class suit, maintaining the ruling in Dukes will force Wal-Mart in complyi ng with the provisions of Title VII (Sherwyn, 2009). Other evidence of discrimination were the categorization of men and women into homogeneity by deciding on what is beneficial for them rather than asking them about their preferences (Bessen and Kimmel, 2006). For instance, the top management assumes that women employees would not be interested in the meat and sports goods department so they assign men on those departments instead. The departments where women are assigned at also consist of more walks and problems as well as lesser opportunities for advancement. Furthermore, most women experienced being assigned to a second shift for the reason that they have to continue the unfinished woks of their male colleagues. These practices of the company are not limited during work hours but also after in places beyond the companys premises which create anomic situations against women. The second unethical employment practice of Wal-Mart is the inhumane treatment of employees, a violation of the principle of dignity under GBS Codex. One instance of this was the locking up of two workers in order to clean the stores overnight (Mayhew, 2008). This issue was featured in the movie Wal-Mart and was written on the front page in New York Times.The justification of the company was to prevent these people from stealing goods since it is logical that when employees are locked off, it would be difficult for them to get away with the merchandise (Fishman, 2006). There were also reports that two nongovernmental organizations in the United States filed a suit against the company for subjecting factory workers to inhumane conditions and hazardous chemicals, and in Bangladesh for letting the factory workers work at 19-hour shifts (Kline, 2010). Other inhuman practice of the company involves forcing the employees to work even after they had punched out because according to the mana gement, they havent finished effectively their jobs yet. Critics view this as an excuse of the company to drive down overtime payment costs (Fishman, 2006). The third conflict against GBS Codex by Wal-Mart is with regard to the principle of transparency by failing to document the true names and numbers of workers. The U.S Immigration and Naturalization Service arrested 250 undocumented workers during their inspection in some Wal-Mart stores (Glicken, 2010). In 2003, the federal government arrested 300 undocumented workers and in March 2005, the company gave a settlement fee of $11 million for utilizing undocumented workers in its 21 stores (Atkins, 2008). Profit making is likely the primary motivation of Wal-Mart in hiring these undocumented workers (Hing, 2010). The use of these undocumented workers gives the company high labor savings since the former have lower wage rates and are not given fringe benefits. Conclusions Taking care of employees is more than giving them fair compensation. It also touches on the companys concern for the nurturing of their skills, mental and emotional health. In other words, the company should deal with the totality of their being as it strives to attain their financial goals. Wal-Mart failed these by practicing discrimination against women, employing inhumane practices especially to their factory workers, and utilizing undocumented workers. Women already won the debate over working equally with men. A lot of women are working as effectively as the men in the same job. To motivate Wal-Marts employees in terms of policies, the company should revise those policies that show discrimination and unequal opportunities. One way to resolve this is to increase the number of managerial positions or create a more stringent basis of promoting employees. With regard to the inhuman practices of the company, they should support and enhance unionism to give the workers stronger voice in enforcing their rights against such unethical practice. The company as well should revise its policy of giving low prices to consumers yet sacrificing employees welfare. There should be a balance between profit maximization and enhancement of employees well-being. On the issue of undocumented workers, the workers should first obtain a legal status in order to represent themselves. Moreover, the governments where Wal-Mart operates should have a more efficient documentation of the workers coming to and fro the country. In this way, the use of undocumented workers will easily be detected and addressed. On the part of Wal-Mart, it should review its delegation of tasks so that there would be no way to exploit undocumented workers.

Tess of the d’Urbervilles :: Literary Analysis, Thomas Hardy

In Thomas Hardy’s classic novel, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, there are many complex and intriguing characters that emerge from it. Two such characters are the two young men who tried to win Tess over, Alec d’Urberville and Angel Clare. These two characters are distinctly different from one another in many ways, but in other, more subtle ways, they possess some similarities. Their physical appearances are noticeably different though it is noted that they are both especially handsome young men. Alec has â€Å"touches of barbarism†(32) in his face while Angel’s has â€Å"grown more thoughtful† (112). They also seem to have the opposite colors of hair. Alec’s hair being â€Å"black† (35) while Angel has the â€Å"palest straw colour† that â€Å"deepens to a warm brown†(112). Furthermore, their mouths have variations as well. The â€Å"badly molded†, but â€Å"smooth†, â€Å"full†(35) lips of Alec are much different than the â€Å"small† and â€Å"delicately lined†(114) ones of Angel. Even more, their eyes are described with opposing adjectives. The difference in the Alec’s â€Å"bold rolling eye† and Angel’s â€Å"fixed, abstracted eyes†(114) are quite present. The variety in their faces are most definitely there. The descriptions of their general features relate to their actions. Alec is a womanizer who jumps from woman to woman without regard to their feelings, carelessly flinging around their hearts and virginity. Barbaric. His hair, the darkest possible color, can be associated to a dark personality related to sin and other negative aspects of life. His mouth, which is shaped roughly, like his actions and character, can sometimes be overlooked because of the smoothness of them. Like the smooth trait of his lips, Alec can use trickery to disguise his real motives with people, which include his us of sly words. He certainly has a bold personality, like his eyes, having the audacity to steal a â€Å"cursory kiss†(70) from Tess when he can. The rolling part of his eyes can be taken literally. Because he cannot keep his eyes still, his eyes are forever roaming. It shows his unwillingness to commit to one woman because they are always wondering to others. Angel who is described with reserved, quieter adjectives, is in fact more so Alec. His reservedness often leads many women to fall for his as well because humans, for the most part, naturally want what they cannot have. And Angel who is â€Å"too much taken up with’ his own thoughts to notice girls†(113) fills these requirements.

Bad Habits: Attitudes of Filipinos That Need to Change Essay

1. Thoughtless When someone celebrates birthday, graduation or winning the lotto in the neighborhood, the party lasts through deep in the night, keeping neighbors awake by the noise of an out of tune videoke singer. 2. Inconsiderate Even after agreeing to meet at a certain time, some Filipinos manage to fail this initial agreement, using alibis as traffic, got caught up with something or lost in the way, disregarding the feeling of someone who just complied with agreed time. If these folks can’t fulfill simple tasks, can we trust them when it comes to, say lending them our prized books or CDs, loaning them money or anything they promise? 3. Racist Many Filipinos complain of being racially profiled (Filipinas in Middle East are easy to get or gullible) but some of us look down on other people such as Indians as fellows with strange body odor who live off through usury. Or on Chinese neighbors who own bigger stores in the market as penny-pinchers. But we can’t look at ourselves and fix our flaws. Worse, see #6. 4. Too self-conscious Wants to know who are his or her stalkers at social media. Installs ‘who are my top viewers’ application which turns out as a link to a malicious website. Wants to get everybody’s attention to the point that they post celebrity, semi-naked or suggestive profile photos 5. Religious fanaticism While admittedly deeply religious people, many of us Filipinos are also living a life of hypocricy/inconsistency. Outside of the Quiapo church are shops that sell abortion formula and the island of Siquijor becomes a haven of faith healers who practice black magic. 6. Onion skinned We easily go ballistic whenever the word Filipino is used as dark humor in a script of an American sitcom or acelebrity mocking our â€Å"presumed† perfect accent. We are quick to call for apology even if they’re all meant as a joke. That may be a reason we become a topic of humor. 7. Short-sighted Some Filipinos prefer to receive a few hundred pesos in exchange of favors to a politician running for office rather than resist temptation and bond together for a better society and governance. Poor tricycle drivers are allowed to ply on dangerous streets — risking the lives and limbs of passengers — just to earn a living. 8. Laziness When going to the market, some Filipinos prefer to take the motorized bike and pay a premium instead of a 20-minute walk — to ensure a favorite TV show will not be missed. At the end of the day they lament how a hundred peso bill could no longer be stretched. Or they spend the whole day staring at the television, sending SMS on shows that offer prizes to ‘home text partners’. 9. Gossipmonger Many Filipinos live off talking about affairs of other people. Maybe that’s because it’s a major function of the Filipino culture. Who impregnated a neighbor’s teenage daughter? A barrio councilor has bad breathe. The baby of a close friend has a striking resemblance of the family driver. No wonder many families are broken, trust lost and friendships gone awry because of people trying to get in the way. 10. Undisciplined Pass laws that are easily broken: no smoking on jeepneys, no jaywalking on streets, picking flowers in the park or peeing on fences, trees or truck tires. Even wearing prescribed attire (‘please wear semi-formal wear’) when attending wedding ceremonies becomes a task difficult to. When we’re overseas we find it necessary to follow rules, but we seem to take our country and its simple laws for granted. 11. Crab Mentality Once a fledgling banana cue business becomes the talk of the barrio, everyone is riding the bandwagon and put up the same business. Eventually, every single banana cue business in the neighborhood fails and shuts down operation. If someone gets promoted at work, some Filipinos are good at making up stories; did he date the supervisor? Did she sleep with the manager? It also exists in the form of protectionism. Insecurity or lack of creativity drives this attitude. 12. Nepotism A bright yet not well-connected job applicant never gets the job position because it was reserved for a family member of an incumbent official or a reward for supporters of a candidate who just won in the elections. A well-connected passenger gets the airport’s special lane while hard-working OFWs sweat it out on a long line. 13. Freebie hunters Some Filipinos have got the nerve to crash into wedding parties uninvited or show up at a birthday party because they were brought along by a friend of an invited friend. They enjoy free electricity supply through illegal connections or enjoying a bonanza of free water from busted pipes instead of reporting the apparent waste or scarce resources. Often visits the house of a balikbayan/OFW who just arrived and ask — they don’t wait — for presents. 14. Allegiance by convenience. Filipino politicians often change parties not because they found a better principled group, but to gain something — power, money or fame. When momentum shifts, be prepared to jump ship and switch loyalty. Read their biographies and be not surprised they’ve been into various alliances with no real accomplishment to show. 15. Rarely punctual Appointments are never meant to be on time as many Filipinos make it a habit of not making it on time. Meetings, parties, and so on. Teachers didn’t lack the motivation to make us punctual as tardy ones were meted with appropriate punishment. Shall we blame others for this? Traffic congestion, slow jeepney driver, hard to find location, ‘I was robbed’, and others in an endless list of alibis and excuses. 16. Propensity for ‘good time’ Gathering of friends isn’t bad. But if it always meant 20 bottles of hard liquor meant to be consumed overnight, that’s something. Just got the job? Let’s celebrate and have a drink. Just got the paycheck, let’s have a drink. When someone starts reminding them to be frugal and slow down on alcohol spending, they reason out, â€Å"it’s my money, you have no business interfering†, â€Å"this is just once in a while† or â€Å"I need to drink to forget my problems†. Yeah, right. 17. Treat OFWs as ATMs Some Filipinos are overly dependent on relatives working overseas that they don’t look for jobs or don’t attend classes because they are in â€Å"abundant supply of financial aid†. Worse, money remittance from OFWs are often spent only on luxuries like mobile phones and jewelry they can brag to friends. In many cases, nothing was allocated for savings or investment. When OFWs come home, families find it hard to explain where money was spent.

The eNotes Blog Names and Nonsense Ten Curious Names of the Famous, Infamous, andOthers

Names and Nonsense Ten Curious Names of the Famous, Infamous, andOthers Naming your baby is a weighty task. Most people strive to select names that either have a connection to family or ones that have a   certain  panache.   But then there is that portion of the public where the name they select for their newborn is either offensive, unpronounceable, or unbelievablesometimes all three. In the United States, you can name your baby Dustpan Ghoul III if you please. Hey,   freedom of speech, although I am guessing none of the Founding Fathers would have envisioned this right being applied to Lil Dustpan. Some countries, however, are not so laissez-faire. In New Zealand, as  much as you may want to,   you are officially, not, nope, no way, allowed to name your bundle o joy Anal and your fall-back choice, Prince of Darkness, is out too. Here are a few odd names from history that you will probably be glad you never heard screamed at  you  on the playground. 1.   Armand Hammer,  famous industrialist born on 21 May 1898 in Manhattan, New York. His father â€Å"had named him after the symbol of the Socialist Labor Party.† As a youth, he sometimes claimed that his father had named him after Armand Duval, a character in the Alexandre Dumas novel  La Dame aux Camà ©lias  (1848). 2.   Ima Hogg:  Ima Hoggs first name was taken from  The Fate of Marvin, an epic poem written by her uncle  Thomas Hogg. She endeavored to downplay her unusual name by signing her first name illegibly and having her stationery printed with I. Hogg or Miss Hogg. Although it was rumored that Hogg had a sister named Ura Hogg, she had only brothers. 3.   Christine Daae: The Phantom of the Opera fan â€Å"changed her name from Victoria Bohm by deed poll† so that â€Å"if the Phantom came back today he would have a Christine Daae who would stay by him at the end.† 4. Kal-El Coppola: Is there some sort of pretentiousness contest when celebrities have babies? I vote for Superboy, aka Kal-El, son of He-of-the-Perpetually receding hair-line, Nicholas Cage. 5.   Velveeta: Anyone who has taught for as long as I have has their own personal stash of unusual names. My all-time favorite was a woman named Velveeta. She simply explained her mom loved the cheese and liked the sound of the product name. Velveeta, the woman, isnt famous yet but I would not be a bit surprised if she was one day. 6.   Ikea: My 15-year-old daughter has a classmate named Ikea. My guess is that the Dr. Spock manual was about as helpful as assembly instructions in Swedish. 7.   Lady Bird Johnson: If I had titled this image Claudia Alta Johnson I bet those of you non-Texans would have no clue who this woman was.   She is in fact, the former First Lady of the United States, wife of Lyndon Baines Johnson. Though she was named for her mothers brother Claud,  during her infancy, her nurse, Alice Tittle,  commented, she was as purty as a  ladybird,  which is a brightly colored  beetle. That nickname virtually replaced her actual first name for the rest of her life. Her father and siblings called her Lady,  though her husband called her Bird, which is the name she used on her marriage license. During her teenage years, her schoolmates had called her Bird, though mockingly, since she reportedly was not fond of the name. 8.   Tupac Shakur: One of most recognizable faces and one of the best-selling artists of the 1990s and beyond, Tupac is indeed his given name and he was named after an ancient Incan warrior and chief. 9. Dovakiim: Completely, 100% accurate representation of the offspring of two obsessed Skyrim fans. I think I hear  Triumph the Insult Comic Dog  warming up in the background On the plus side, he need never leave his parents basement as the reward for naming him Dovakiim is a lifetime supply of free games from Bethesda. 10.   Napoleon:   Perhaps you want to honor your French heritage. Perhaps you just like the polysyllabic name  Napoleon.   Everyone knows the dangers of giving your child a lofty name to live up to. Maybe it will work out for Cash, or Lakshme, or Sultan. But it might also be this How about you? What memorable names have you come across? Whether it be someone you know, a name from history, literature, a celebrity, whether you have been given an unusual name yourself, or given  someone a unique name wed love to hear them!

Hahn Surname Meaning and Family History

Hahn Surname Meaning and Family History From the Middle High German han or hane meaning cock or rooster, Hahn was originally a nickname for a proud, cocky individual. Alternate Surname Spellings:  HAHNE, HAHNN, HAHEN, HAHENN, HAAHN, HAAHNN Surname Origin: German, Jewish Where in the World is the HAHN  Surname Found? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, the Hahn surname is found most prevalently in Germany, where it ranks 45th in the nation, followed by South Korea (96th) and Austria (158th). Within Germany, according to WorldNames PublicProfiler, Hahn is most common in Sachsen, Hessen, and Rheinland-Pfalz. Surname  distribution maps at  verwandt.de  show the  Hahn surname is  found in 439 cities and counties throughout Germany, most prevalently in Berlin, Hamburg,  Mà ¼nchen, Esslingen, Hannover, Gießen, Frankfurt am Main,  Kà ¶ln, Rems-Murr-Kreis, and  Nà ¼rnberg. Famous People with the HAHN Surname: Otto Hahn -  Nobel Prize-winning German scientist who discovered nuclear fission and the element protactiniumAugust Hahn - German protestant theologianCarl Wilhelm Hahn - German zoologistPhilipp Matthus Hahn  - German priest and inventorErwin L. Hahn - U.S. physicist Genealogy Resources for the Surname HAHN: Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames. Hahn  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Hahn  family crest or coat of arms for the Hahn surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Hahn Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Hahn surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Hahn surname query. DistantCousin.com - HAHN Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Hahn. The Hahn Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Hahn surname from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.